India Tourist Guides — History

The rich history of India has given birth to the ethnic culture and unique unity of India today. Indian civilization has been derived from a number of other past civilizations. The first civilizations were Indus and Harappa civilization. Being the oldest civilization, it taught people to live in advanced streets with proper drainage systems and make tools of bronze, copper and stone.

The Aryans came with horses from central Asia, their language Sanskrit and their religion of nature worship. Sanskrit is one of the main languages, from which various other languages have derived. It was the language of the priest and erudite class. Aryans introduced the four varnas, which has now hitherto given rise to class system. The four varnas comprised Brahmans or the priests; the Kshatriyas who were the warriors; the Vaishyas who were traders and agriculturists and Shudras who were the working classes. Jainism and Buddhism, the two religions were founded during the sixth century B.C. Jainism was founded by Mahavira and Buddhism was founded by Gautam Buddha. The two legendary figures have preached tolerance, self- discipline and non-violence to all living creatures. Alexander the Great invaded Indus valley and was astonished to witness the use of elephants in the battle. Although he preferred his countrymen to follow Buddhism, yet he never forced anyone to conversion. Under the realm of Guptas, India experienced the .Golden Age.. There was much progress in science, astronomy, mathematics, poetry and medicine. During this age, peace and happiness reigned supreme in the entire country. Hinduism was stronger and both Brahmins and Buddhists lived peacefully.

Akbar, son of the first Mughal emperor Babar, was the greatest of Mughal emperors. Although he himself was a muslim yet he treated both Hindus and Muslims on equal grounds. During his reign, India had accomplishments in the field of architecture, music, science, art and literature. Shah Jahan had built the famous Taj Mahal, on the memory of his beloved dead wife Mumtaj Mahal.

Very soon the British conquered India and they ruled till the mid-20th century. They made India a big business center and while exploiting India out of its riches, they made their own money. Lord Cornwallis, Lord Wellesly, Lord Dalhousie and others tried to modernize India in their own way. They excluded Indians from jobs and recruited Britishers instead. The Indians under great patriot leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose and other personalities, started revolting against British. After mass killing, bloodshed and tortures in jails, India became independent of British rule in 1947. A new constitution was constructed and India became a sovereign, secular, democratic Republic. Every Indians have the right to freedom of action, speech and movement. Jawaharlal Nehru became the first prime minister of India.

During 1990s, with the use of modern technology, new industries were developed. India invented first nuclear weapons during 1998. There was constant tension between India-Pakistan and even with Kashmir situation. The new Congress Government of 2004 is trying to spread peace with genuine campaigns, in whole of India and its neighboring countries.

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